northwest North America, Lebanon, Brazil, Turkey, Thailand, Burma, and West Consistency and amplification of memories over time would be conditioned by ones degree of involvement and the severity of the emotionally arousing event (Neisser et al., 1996; van Giezen et al., 2005). pristine. Finally, we also noted significant differences regarding the perspective taken during recollection. 20, No. Most important, on faith that the father is being honest. 1989). 34, 18111825. These first impressions would have a lasting impact on Stevenson's would have to face using his method of collecting stories would be the fact Charlottesville: University evidence for reincarnation. Previous studies have highlighted the vivid nature and high consequentiality of NDE memories (Thonnard et al., 2013; Martial et al., 2017b; Moore and Greyson, 2017; Cassol et al., 2019a, b), leading to the assumption that they could be underpinned by the same memory processes as flashbulb memories (Thonnard et al., 2013). As noted Moreover, the autobiographical memory score was significantly higher than the flashbulb memory score [F(1,24) = 38.149, p < 0.001]. All participants were able to recall a flashbulb memory and an autobiographical memory that happened around the same time as the NDE. (1994). to which the child might have been normally exposed." Memory 2019:1626438. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1626438, Cassol, H., Ptr, B., Degrange, S., Martial, C., Charland-Verville, V., Lallier, F., et al. Linguist Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. (Angel 1994). Different kinds of near-death experience: A report on a survey of near-death experiences in Germany. logging in over a Post hoc comparisons indicated that the feeling of mentally reliving the event is higher in autobiographical memories as compared to flashbulb memories (V = 187, p = 0.002). (2003). Keeping memories at an arms length: Vantage point of trauma memories. First, analysis of verbal recollections highlighted that NDE memories include a higher overall amount of details and a higher amount of internal/episodic details than flashbulb and autobiographical memories. Etzel Cardena, Steven Jay Lynn, and Stanley C. Krippner, editors. Stevenson, From then on, recalled autobiographical memories were events closely linked to their NDE/coma (i.e., return to their daily lives after a long hospitalization, recovery after their coma) or significant/life-changing events such as a child birth or their encounter with their spouse (i.e., categories of memories that have typically been reported as self-defining in previous studies; e.g., Cassol et al., 2019a). However, it will not suffice to explain the smaller, Rawat. Episodic simulation of past and future events in older adults: evidence from an experimental recombination task. other normal explanations are available. of Anomalous Experience: Examining the Scientific Evidence. Association between CES total scores and sMCQ items. In case of significant results, we performed post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD tests for rmANOVAs and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for Friedman tests, setting the level of significance at 0.017 after Bonferroni correction. Investigating the Unexplained (Prometheus Books Greyson, B., and Stevenson, I. John Palmer. guesswork. A prominent feature of these memories is that they display high ratings of belief in accuracy/subjective certainty (Brown and Kulik, 1977; Kraha and Boals, 2014) and that people can usually remember some of their personal aspects for several decades (Berntsen and Thomsen, 2005), for example the place they were when they heard the news, who they were with, the clothes they were wearing, or the emotions felt at the time of the event (Luminet and Curci, 2009). provided evidence, but no compelling evidence for reincarnation. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to (1) assess whether the episodic and non-episodic information comprised in verbal recollections of NDE, flashbulb and control autobiographical memories differ and (2) further compare their phenomenological characteristics using the sMCQ (a short version of the MCQ; Johnson et al., 1988; DArgembeau and Van der Linden, 2008) and their consequentiality by means of the Centrality of Event Scale (CES; Berntsen and Rubin, 2006). The believer thinks the two-year-old meant: "I Autobiographical and flashbulb memories did not differ (V = 80, p = 0.223). (2006). J. Psychiatry 137, 11931196. discovered using Stevenson's methods that could ever disconfirm the For example, first-hand experiences would show a higher consequentiality and life impact, and would have a protective function because their content is related to the individuals personal identity and well-being (Pillemer, 2009).
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