Hicks, D. J. Digital information about routes and destinations can be used to convey commercial and political messages to car users. Epidemiology of law enforcement vehicle collisions in the US and California. Furthermore, sensor or sensor interpretation errors can be detected by comparison with information from other cars or from the roadside. Some studies indicate that large parts of the population in most countries have a fairly positive attitude to autonomous vehicles (Kyriakidis et al., 2015). In conclusion, driverless cars will dominate our roads in the future. In Sweden between 1975 and 2007, recycling of older vehicles was rewarded with a bonus. Imputing driverhood. Organizing a collaborative development of technological design requirements using a constructive dialogue on value profiles: A case in automated vehicle development. How safe is safe enough for self-driving vehicles? For instance, suppose that a motorist who drives too fast kills a child crossing a road on its way to school. A road management system will of course ensure the swift passage of emergency vehicles when other vehicles have to travel slowly, but will it also offer swift passage to those who can afford a first or business option for their travel? Automobility and national identity: Representation, geography and driving practice. According to Sparrow and Howard (2017, p. 206), when self-driving cars pose a smaller risk to other road-users than what conventional cars do, then it should be illegal to drive them: at that point human drivers will be the moral equivalent of drunk robots (Cf. If a car is driven by a computer possessing artificial intelligence, does that intelligence constitute an entity that can be held responsible? This will expose dark-skinned pedestrians to higher risks than others. Self-driving vehicles are steadily becoming a reality despite the many hurdles still to be overcome and they could change our world in some unexpected ways. The responsibility gap: Ascribing responsibility for the actions of learning automata. Pavlidou, N.-E., Tsaliki, P. V., & Vardalachakis, I. N. (2011). In the facility, Ozay and her team can test different traffic scenarios, as well as explore how autonomous vehicles communicate with each other yet keep vehicle and personal data secure from hackers. Ethics and Information Technology, 18, 299309. Suppose that a motorist drives over a child at dusk because of problems with his eyesight. Currently only available as a test service to the public in small defined areas, in the next two years there are plans to release the taxis on a greater and wider scale. Vehicle-to-road-management communication systems can provide updated local information on traffic and accessibility. Secondly, vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems should include warning signals sent out from crashing vehicles, giving rise to crash-avoiding reactions in vehicles in the vicinity. It can potentially be accessed by the road manager and by authorities. Technische, rechtliche und gesellschaftliche Aspekte (pp. It includes traffic signals and signs, underpasses, building facades, tree cover, home and garage exterior for testing delivery and ride-hailing, and different terrains such as road, pedestrian walkways, railway tracks, and road-markings which the vehicles must navigate. (2018). ", Autonomous shuttles, such as these in Iserlohn, Germany, could help to link passengers on public transport to other parts of a city (Credit: Alamy). The prospect of being helplessly driven at high speed to an unknown place would seem to be scary enough to intimidate a witness. Driverless Cars (2018). The experience of genetically modified crops in Europe shows that resistance to new technologies can delay their introduction several decades, despite extensive experience of safe use (Hansson, 2016). In general, the ethical implications of introducing autonomous vehicles are not inherent in the technology itself, but will depend to a large extent on social choices, not least the decisions of law-makers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 115, 1124. "It's got to be able to cope with human drivers speeding, for instance, or breaking the rules of the road.". Currently, our tolerance is in practice fairly high for large differences in the risks that different vehicles expose other road users to, due to variations in equipment as well as in driver skills and behaviour. Their introduction will be a protracted process involving massive investments in vehicles and infrastructure, as well as changes in ingrained behaviours and attitudes. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. (2007). Arguably, this does not differ from what the police already have the authority to do. Public attitudes to accidents involving autonomous vehicles will be important, perhaps decisive, for the introduction of such vehicles in regular traffic. In M. Maurer, J. C. Gerdes, B. Lenz, & H. Winner (Eds. Impacts of automated vehicles on travel behaviour and land use: An international review of modelling studies. But with all these hurdles in place, what exactly does the next 10 years have in store for autonomous vehicles? AI and Society, 35, 10331046. There may also be effects on the localization choices of firms, including shops and entertainment facilities. Technical, legal and social aspects (pp. Fundamental and special legal questions for autonomous vehicles. For instance, after a car has been parked outside a timber yard, the owner or renter of the car would receive commercial messages from other construction stores. New and more comfortable travel opportunities can give rise to changes in the relative attractiveness of different residential districts, possibly with areas further from city centres gaining in attractiveness (Heinrichs, 2015, pp. Although the automotive industry and public traffic administrations are planning for automatized road traffic, its introduction will, at least in democracies, ultimately depend on how public attitudes will develop. It is both possible and desirable to retain a personal choice for the road users in that case. In order to analyse the responsibility issues connected with automated road traffic, we need to distinguish between two fundamentally different types of responsibility, namely, task responsibility and blame responsibility (Dworkin, 1981; Goodin, 1987; Hansson, 2022).
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